Identity Resolver

info

Please note that this content is under development and is not ready for implementation. This status message will be updated as content development progresses.

Overview

Identifiers of businesses (eg tax registration numbers), of locations (eg google pins or cadastral/lot numbers), and of products (eg GS1 GTINs or other schemes) are ubiquitous throughout supply chains and underpin the integrity of the system. The diagram shows an example of a global and a local scheme for three types of entity. These are just a few of thousands of existing identifier schemes. This identity resolver specification builds upon these identifier schemes so that existing investments and high integrity registers can be leveraged. This specification also supports the use of self-issued decentralised identifiers.

UNTP requires four key features of identifier schemes and, for those that don't already embody these features, provides a framework to uplift the identifier scheme to meet UNTP requirements. Identifiers used in UNTP implementations should be

• unique so that there is no risk of collision with identifiers across different schemes,
• discoverable either as structured data in documents or easily read by scanning a barcode, QR code, or RFID,
• resolvable so that, given an identifier, there is a standard way to find more data about the identified thing, and
• verifiable so that claims about identifiers made by the identifier's controller can be distingished from reviews and other third party claims.

Conceptual Model

A fundamental UNTP principle is "given an ID of a thing, I can find verifiable data about that thing". This Identity Resolver (IDR) specification describes how this is achieved.

A typical IDR workflow is as follows.

1. Each item in an inbound shipment of supplies to a manufacturing facility is barcoded - using the same well known barcode scheme that has been in use for many years (so nothing special for UNTP). A barcode reader captures the identifier of an item - eg 1234567.
2. The scanner system may already know how to construct a URL from the ID (eg following ISO/IEC 18975) or may lookup the scheme in a local copy of the UN global register of schemes. A resolver template such as https://resolver.example/{id} can be used to replace {id} with the actual identifier to get https://resolver.example/1234567.
3. Calling the URL https://resolver.example/1234567 returns an IETF link-set that includes one or more links (also URLs). Each link is annotated so that the type of information provided by the link is declared. Link types may include things like product safety data sheet, instruction manual, brand homepage, a digital product passport (DPP), and a digital conformity credential (DCC). Further annotations are used to declare things like the format of the linked information (HTML, PDF, JSON etc.). This is achieved using IANA-registed Media Types.
4. A link typed of dpp with a format declaration of application/vc is a hint that the target URL will yield a UNTP DPP credential which is verified to confirm integrity. The DPP includes several sustainability claims including the emissions footprint of the product, which the manufacturing facility can use to calculate the contribution of the received item to their scope 3 total. Following the DCC link type yields a conformity credential issued by a third party certifier that attests to the carbon intensity of the product.
5. The DPP and DCC both include an issuer DID like did:web:sample-supplier.com and did:web:sample-certifier.com which resolve to DID documents that link to digital identity anchor credentials confirming the identity of the supplier and certifier. The DPP also contains the ID of the manufacturing facility which can be resolved in the same way as the product ID (step 2) and therefore can be used to find facility level credentials such as fair work certificates. In this way a due-diligence transparency graph can be created by the manufacturer, providing strong evidence of regulatory compliance and sustainability performance.

The process is very flexible

• If instead of a barcoded item arriving at a manufacturing plant, it were a cow arriving at a processing plant, the same process would work using the livestock identifier encoded in the RFID tag on the cow's ear. The link-set would include a livestock passport which would, in turn, include the ID of the farm which could be used to find a deforestation credential for the farm.
• If the supplier of goods to the manufacturer switched from 1D barcodes to QR codes at any time, then this just means that step 2 is not needed because the QR is already likely to be an IDR URL that will return a link-set.
• If the barcode or QR is on a finished product and is scanned by a consumer in the EU using a smartphone then the IDR can use http header user context information to return the DPP by default (with additional links as options) and in the language of the user settings.

In this way, a single data carrier, whether a traditional barcode or a QR code, provides access to a wealth of further information which can be tailored to suit the user context - irrespective of whether the user is a human or a machine.

Requirements

This section defines the formal requirement statements for Identity Resolver implementations.

• Scheme means an identifier scheme such as a national business identifier scheme.
• Carrier means a machine readable device such as a barcode, QR code or RFID tag that encodes an identifier issued under a scheme.
• Link means a URL that points to a page or document or credential that contains further information related to the identifier.
• Target means the document or credential that the link references.
• link-set means a collection of links with meta-data that describe each link.
• Resolver means an implementation of this specification that returns a link-set about a given identifier.

ID	Short name	Requirement	Solution Mapping
IDR-01	Global uniqueness	All identifiers, whether for products, assets, facilities, or businesses used in UNTP credentials MUST be globally unique so that they can be unambiguously referenced and resolved.	Globally Unique Identifier Representation
IDR-02	One carrier, many links	One data carrier on a physical product or asset MUST be able to reference any amount of linked data or documents so that user or system confusion from multiple carriers on products can be avoided	Identity resolver services
IDR-03	Leverage existing schemes	Existing identifier schemes MUST be usable for UNTP IDR functions so that existing investments can be leveraged and UNTP rollout can be accelerated because there is no need to re-tool existing identifier infrastructure.	This specification supports any identifier scheme.
IDR-04	Leverage existing carriers	Existing data carriers, whether 1D barcodes on products or RFID tags on livestock are entrenched and unlikely to change quickly. Therefore identity resolvers MUST be able to work with existing carriers so that digitalisation can proceed at pace without the need to re-tool existing physical scanning infrastructure.	Data carriers
IDR-05	Seamless transition to 2D	As industry transitions from 1D barcodes to 2D/QR codes, the UNTP identity resolver process MUST work equally well with either so that implementers can transition at their own pace	The Conceptual model - either create a resolver query from an 1D barcode / 2D matrix or embed the query into a QR.
IDR-06	Understanding link-sets	When a link-set is returned by a resolver, each link MUST include sufficient meta-data so that user systems can understand the purpose and usage of each link as well as the relationship between links	Identity resolver services
IDR-07	Filtering link-sets	Resolvers MUST allow users to request specific links, all links, or (if unspecified) then receive a default link - so that user experience can be optimised.	IDR Query
IDR-08	Responsive links	Resolvers SHOULD leverage available user information such as language preferences to return tailored link-sets and default links - so that user experience is optimised.	Defaults and Automatically returning the right language
IDR-09	Logical grouping of links	Link-set meta-data SHOULD provide an ability to group related link targets such as a product passport and related traceability events - so that user experience can be optimised.
IDR-10	Versioning of link targets	When multiple version of link targets exist (eg multiple version of a product passport) then resolvers MUST include version information in link metadata and MUST ensure that any defaults reference the latest version - so that users receive current information and can audit historical data	Versioned targets
IDR-11	Resolver redirection	Resolvers SHOULD, where available, include links that reference secondary resolvers so that product/facility owners can maintain additional document and credential links in their own resolvers. A typical example is the case where a global scheme maintains identifiers only at product class level but the manufacturer manages identifiers and related data at serialised item level. In such cases the primary resolver would say "here's what I know about the product and here's a link to another resolver that can tell you about the serialised item"	Secondary resolvers
IDR-12	Self-issued product identifiers	This specification MUST support self-issued identifiers so long as they are equally discoverable, resolvable, and verifiable - so that each value chain actor is free to make their own choice between third party product registers and self-managed product registers without any lock-in.	Decentralised Identifiers and DID to IDR linkset
IDR-13	Existing standards	This specification SHOULD use existing standards such as ISO/IEC 18975 and IETF RFC 9264 so that implementers can maximise re-use of existing infrastructure and maintain interoperability.	ISO/IEC 18975 is the basis for mapping an ID to a query. IETF RFC 9264 is the bases for the structure of the linkset response.

Globally Unique Identifier Representation

Linked Data Needs

Linked data architectures, of which UNTP is an example, depend on unique and consistent identifiers of entities such as product and facilities so that they can be matched across different credentials. For this reason URIs are heavily used as identifiers of entities throughout UNTP credential types. But without consistency in the way globally unique identifiers are constructed, there is a high risk that valuable links are not made. For example, consider the same product identified in two credentials:

• A digital product passport issued by a manufacturer with a sustainability claim about product http://product.sample-register.example/123456789
• A digital conformity credential with a third party sustainability assessment about product urn:example:sample-register:product:123456789

Although these are the same product, the construction of the ID is different and so a validation that attempts to confirm that a product passport claim is genuinely supported by third party assessment may fail.

There are thousands of identifier schemes in active use around the world and only a few have well defined conventions for consistent representation of their identifiers as globally unique URIs. To address these challenges, in this section, we define conventions for the consistent representation of identifiers that can be leveraged by any existing or new identifier scheme, whether the identifiers are managed by an issuing authority or self-managed.

Uniform Resource Name (URN)

URNs are a type of URI that are designed to be used as globally unique and persistent identifiers that remain available long after a specific resource that they identify ceases to exist or becomes unavailable. URNs MAY be used for any identifier and SHOULD be used as persistent identifiers for long lived entities such as organisations, facilities and long-lived products.

In patterns below,

• {identifier-scheme} is any string of characters permitted in URN Namespace Specific Scheme (alphanumeric characters, hyphen ,period, underscore, colon).
• {identifier-value} is the string of characters after the last colon (limited to alphanumeric characters, hyphen ,period, underscore).

For existing IANA registered URN namespaces

Use your IANA registered URN namespace.

• pattern urn:{ns}:{identifier-scheme}:{identifier-value}
• examples:
  • urn:epc:id:sgtin:1234567.089123.2
  • urn:lei:7LTWFZYICNSX8D621K86

For all other schemes

Either register your own scheme with IANA or use the UN global trust register gtr URN namespace (IANA registration pending).

• pattern: urn:gtr:{identifier-scheme}:{identifier-value} where gtr represents the UN global trust register namespace.
• examples:
  • urn:gtr:register.business.gov.xx:90664869327 - representing any typical national business registration number
  • urn:gtr:nlis.com.au:QDBH0132XBS01234 - representing an Australian livestock identifier

The gtr namespace represents identifier schemes that are listed in the UN global trust register (GTR). When the gtr namespace is used, the {identifier-scheme} MUST be a DNS domain name comprising URN allowed or percent-encoded characters (ie no / unless encoded as %2F).

Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

URLs are a type of URI that represent addressable web locations. URLs as identifiers have the advantage that they are immediately resolvable but the disadvantage that they may become dead/broken links whenever a document is moved or a web site is restructured or a domain name changes.

IDR URLs as identifiers

When URLs are used as identifiers in UNTP credentials they SHOULD be Identity Resolver URLs that conform to the ISO/IEC 18975 structured path syntax without parameters.

• pattern: https://{identifier-scheme}/{identifier-value} where {identifier-scheme} is a DNS domain name (without / characters unless %2F encoded) and {identifier-value} is a valid ISO/IEC 18975 path (which can include / characters to separate class, sub-class, and instance id as defined in ISO-18975)

• examples:

  • https://products.sample-company.example/1234567
  • https://facilities-register.example/ABC123456
  • https://example.com/01/733240226591
  • https://example.com/01/733240226591/21/1234

When a given identifier scheme uses both URN and URL mechanisms to represent identifiers as URIs then the {identifier-scheme} part SHOULD be the same for both. If the identifier scheme is registered in the UN global trust register then the {identifier-scheme} MUST match the corresponding scheme ID in the trust register.

Decentralised Identifiers (DID)

Decentralised Identifiers (DIDs) are a type of URI that are resolvable and verifiable by design. They are self-issued by any party and do not depend on any central register or issuing authority. The general structure of a DID is defined by the W3C Decentralised Identifiers recommendation as

• DID pattern: did:{did-method}:{did-method-specific-identifier}

The allowed structure of the {did-method-specific-identifier} depends on the {did-method}. There are a number of registered did methods including several blockchain based methods but the most widely used DID method is did:web

• DID Web pattern: did:web:{domain-name}[:{path}] where :path is an optional colon-delimited path to the identifier.
• examples:
  • did:web:sample-company.example - representing the DID of sample-company.example
  • did:web:sample-company.example:products:123456789 - representing the DID of a product made by sample-company.example

Universally Unique Identifier (UUID)

As an alternative to being issued by an issuing agency, identifiers can be algorithm-generated. The best-known example of this is the Universally-Unique Identifier (UUID). This relies on it being extremely unlikely, but not impossible, that the same identifier will be generated twice. For many practical applications, that can be "good enough" although there are some instances where duplicates have arisen (known as "collisions").

UUIDs as the complete identifier

When using a UUID as the identifier for an entity, the syntax would be

• pattern: uuid:{UUID}
• example: uuid:709f3df6-4cdf-4bda-94d9-ce0ec9428616

Such identifiers have no scheme information which could be used for resolvability and verifiability. Therefore usage SHOULD be limited to cases where there is no need for discovery of further data.

UUIDs as the scheme specific identifier value

UUIDs can be useful as scheme specific identifiers, particularly when there is value in the identifier being un-guessable. For example as a means to limit visibility of item specific data to the genuine holder of the goods - as described in the UNTP Decentralised Access Control specification.

• pattern: {uri-scheme}:{identifier-scheme}[:or/]{UUID}
• examples:
  • urn:gtr:products.sample-register.example:709f3df6-4cdf-4bda-94d9-ce0ec9428616
  • https://products.sample-register.example/709f3df6-4cdf-4bda-94d9-ce0ec9428616

Discoverability

This section describes the challenges and solutions in the first step of the identity resolver conceptual model - from an identifier encoded in some kind of data carrier to a consistent URI representation. UNTP does not define any new data carrier standards but rather aims to support any existing or future scheme.

Data Carriers

The term "data carrier" covers all 1D and 2D barcode symbols and RFID tags. Many exist, including proprietary ones, but for UNTP, the recommended carriers are those defined by ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31, such as linear barcodes, Data Matrix, QR Codes, and RFID. While these standards define the carrier format, they do not dictate identifier types, encoding syntax, or required devices, making "Automatic Identification and Data Capture" (AIDC) a specialized field.

Discoverability depends on equipment and software. RFID requires specialist readers, capable of scanning multiple tags without line of sight. Optical scanners can read various barcodes, but their software must interpret the data correctly. The more standardized the identifiers and encoding, the more interoperable and discoverable they are, leading industries to favor established systems.

Modern smartphones can read most optical barcodes and NFC tags via apps, enabling decentralized identifiers (DIDs) and alternative schemes. However, QR Codes with URLs are the most discoverable, as native camera apps can instantly open links. Yet, URL-based identifiers pose risks like "link rot" and incompatibility with offline systems. ISO/IEC 18975 addresses this by embedding structured identifiers within structured path URLs, balancing broad accessibility with specialist data use.

In Automatic Identification and Data Capture (AIDC), the ISO/IEC 15459 series establishes a registry for short codes in data carriers. Organizations issuing barcode and RFID identifiers receive a unique Issuing Agency Code to prevent conflicts. ISO/IEC 15418 defines Data Identifiers (DIs) and Application Identifiers (AIs), which qualify identifiers, ensuring globally unique encoding in optical and RFID data carriers.

For example:

• DI 2B identifies gas cylinders per U.S. D.O.T. standards.
• AI 01 represents a Global Trade Item Number (GTIN).

DIs are managed by ANSI, while AIs fall under GS1.

Mapping to consistent URIs

A key challenge is to ensure that all these different data carrier representations are mapped to a consistent globally unique identifier when building value chain transparency graphs.

• A 2D Matrix code might yield the string 0107332402265910211234567890240+A01=442.001-UP001T91456498765498765465432132168753 where 733240226591 is the product ID (with company prefix) and 1234567890 is the serial number
• An RFID Tag for the same product might yield a string like urn:epc:tag:sgtin-96:1.7332402.026591.1234567890 where 7332402.026591 is the product ID and 1234567890 is the serial number.
• A QR code may may yield https://id.sample-resolver.example/01/733240226591/21/1234567890 where 733240226591 is the product ID (with company prefix) and 1234567890 is the serial number.

Existing data carrier schemes are very varied but usually well documented. Therefore it is reasonable to expect that scanners will be aware of the context and will include scheme specific logic to read the data carriers and construct UNTP standard URNs or URIs to match against identifiers using in credentials such as digital product passports.

For new identifier schemes or existing schemes that have not already defined data carrier specifications, UNTP implementers SHOULD

• directly encode the UNTP URN structure into 2D matrix codes and RFID tags.
• directly encode the UNTP URL structure into QR codes.

Resolvability

This section describes the challenges and solutions in the second and third steps of the identity resolver conceptual model - from a consistent URI representation of an identifier to a link-set about the identified entity. In the context of UNTP, that means easily resolving a product or facility identifier to credentials such as the identified product's DPP or the identified facility's DFR.

Identity Resolver Services

This UNTP identity Resolver (IDR) specification builds upon these existing standards by defining some specific constraints that improve interoperability and meet UNTP specific requirements.

Identity Resolver Example

IDR Query URL

IDR queries are URLs that take the general form

https://{domain}/{path}?{query} where

• domain is the web domain of the resolver service, usually operated by the identifier scheme register - eg resolver.sample-register.example
• path carries the specific ID of the product or facility being queried and may include qualifiers - eg products/ABCD9876/items/1234
• query contains a list of URL parameters that are used to filter the response - eg linkType=untp:dpp&language-en

A typical IDR query might be something like this

https://resolver.sample-register.example/products/ABCD9876/items/1234?linkType=linkset

which is requesting

• the complete link-set
• about a product class ABCD98765
• issued using an identifier scheme supported by sample-register.example
• with specific serial number 123456789

To get a different response, the query might be modified as follows

• https://resolver.sample-register.example/products/ABCD9876?linkType=linkset to get data about the product class only, not a specific serialised item.
• https://resolver.sample-register.example/products/ABCD9876/items/1234?linkType=untp:dpp to get only the DPP for the item.
• https://resolver.sample-register.example/products/ABCD9876/items/1234?linkType=all&language=de to get all links to German language targets.
• https://resolver.sample-register.example/products/ABCD9876/items/1234 to get a redirect to the target of the default link.

IDR LinkSet Response

The response to an IDR query is an IETF linkset which contains one or more contexts, each of which contain one or more targets.

• a context describes what the links are about using the anchor property. Often there is only one anchor that represents the requested identifier. But as described in the resolver workflow, a resolver may return links about related entities. For example a query about a specific serialised item may return some links about the item, and some links about the product class, and even some links about the manufacturer or brand that sells the product.
• a target describes a specific link identified with the href property together with other properties that provide useful meta-data about the link.

A typical response the the sample query https://resolver.sample-register.example/products/ABCD9876/items/1234?linkType=linkset might be as shown in the snippet below.

• there are two contexts, one is at serialised item level "anchor": "https://resolver.sample-register.example/products/ABCD9876/items/1234" and one is at product class level "anchor": "https://resolver.sample-register.example/products/ABCD9876".
• the first context has two targets, both of which have a linkType "untp:dpp" (UNTP digital product passports) and MIME type application/vc+jwt but one is rendered in German and the other in English.
• the second context is at product and has one target which points to the manufacturers product information web page. This highlights that link resolvers can return all kinds of relevant links, only some of which point to UNTP credentials.

{
    "linkset": [
        {
            "anchor": "https://resolver.sample-register.example/products/ABCD9876/items/1234",
            "untp:dpp": [
                {
                    "href": "https://sample-credential-store.example/credentials/dpp/90664869327.json",
                    "type": "application/vc+jwt",
                    "title": "Digital Product Passport",
                    "hreflang":["en"]
                 },
                {
                    "href": "https://sample-credential-store.example/credentials/dpp/90664869311.json",
                    "title": "Digitaler Produktpass",
                    "hreflang":["de"],
                    "type": "application/vc+jwt"
                 }
            ]
        },
        {
            "anchor": "https://resolver.sample-register.example/products/ABCD9876",
            "gs1:pip": [
                {
                    "href": "https://sample-company.example/productInformation/ABCD9876",
                    "type": "text/html",
                    "title": "Product Information"
                 }
            ]
        },
    ]
} 

Creating the IDR Query URL

There are several forms in which an identifier might be discovered (eg as a data carrier on a physical product or as a URI in a structured document). The identifier representation format is often not an IDR query URL and so may need to be translated into an IDR URL query format. As shown in the conceptual model, the generalised process to derive an IDR query URL has two steps

• Map the native format found in a data carrier to a consistent global URI as described in the globally unique identifier representation section.
• Map the global URI to an IDR query string as described in the following paragraphs.

This mapping architecture is designed to ensure that UNTP can accommodate any new or existing identifier scheme and any data carrier and still maintain linked data consistency (ie consistent URI representation) as well as resolvability and verifiability of identifiers.

From a URN to IDR linkset

The UN global trust register will include resolver templates for each scheme and so the UNTP requirement that identifiers be resolvable is met by substituting the URN {identifier-value} into the {id} placeholder in the resolver template related to the matching {identifier-scheme}. For example

• given a URN ID of urn:gtr:nlis.com.au:QDBH0132XBS01234, the {identifier-scheme} is nlis.com.au
• and a resolver template of https://resolver.nlis.com.au/{id} is registered for scheme nlis.com.au
• then the resolver URL would be https://resolver.nlis.com.au/QDBH0132XBS01234 which would return an IDR LinkSet

From a URL to IDR linkset

As described in IDR URLs as identifiers, URL identifiers SHOULD already be Identity Resolver URLs that conform to the ISO-18975 structured path syntax without parameters. Client applications may of course add parameters to the URL before calling the resolver service to get more specific link sets.

From a DID to IDR linkset

By design, all DIDs resolve to a URL that addresses a DID document. The way in which a DID resolves to a DID document is specific to the DID method. In the case of DID web, the resolution works by replacing ":" with "/" and appending "did.json".

• DID : did:web:sample-company.example:products:123456789 is an example of a product identifier the did:web scheme.
• URL : https://sample-company.example/products/123456789/did.json would be the URL of the DID document according to did:web method specification

The DID document did.json has a standard data model defined by the W3C DID recommendation core properties. It is primarily designed to define the cryptographic methods by which control of a DID can be verified, including associated public keys. The DID service property can be used to reference further information such as UNTP credentials like a digital product passport. The UNTP approach to using a DID document as a resolver service combines conformant use of DID service properties with maximum alignment with IETF linksets.

• The DID document service.id property is the same as the linkset anchor property with the optional #fragment suffix to ensure that service.idis unique.
• The DID document service.type property is the same as the linkset linkType value.
• The DID document service.serviceEndpoint property is exactly the same as the the linkset target object.

{
  "id": "did:web:sample-company.example:products:123456789",
  ..other did document properties ..
  "service": [{
    "id":"did:web:sample-company.example:products:123456789#untp:dpp",
    "type": "untp:dpp", 
    "serviceEndpoint": {
          "href": "https://sample-credential-store.example/credentials/dpp/90664869327.json",
          "title": "Digital Product Passport",
          "hreflang":["en"],
          "type": "application/vc+jwt"
     },
    "id":"did:web:sample-company.example:products:123456789#untp:idr",
    "type": "linkset", 
    "serviceEndpoint": {
          "href": "https://resolver.sample-company.example/products/123456789",
          "title": "Identity Resolver Service",
          "type": "application/linkset+json"
     }
  }]
}

The example above shows two ways of using the DID document serviceEndpoint as an identity resolver service.

• The first target references a UNTP DPP credential directly.
• The second target references a resolver service end point which itself would return a linkset.

In this way, simple scenarios can be achieved simply by placing link targets directly in the DID document whilst richer and more dynamic link resolver services can also be delivered by including a DID document service which is itself a link resolver.

Link-set Response Variations

This section covers specific linkset use cases that SHOULD be supported by conforming link resolvers. The general approach to solving linkset specific needs is

• Where possible, always use IETF linkset standard properties and IANA standard link types.
• Where necessary, use custom link types and linkset properties but always define them in a public vocabulary and reference them using a profile link type.

Defaults

Default link types allow a resolver to return just the target URL of the default link - which means that client applications (including just a camera on a mobile phone) need not have any knowledge of link resolvers and how they work.

Link resolver services SHOULD define DEFAULT link type for each anchor which defines the href target to which a client will be redirected when no linkType is specified in the matching query URL. In the previous IDR example, calling the resolver URL without a linkType parameter;

https://resolver.sample-register.example/products/ABCD9876/items/1234?linkType=linkset

Would redirect the client directly to the target href of the default link type

https://sample-credential-store.com/credentials/dpp-90664869327.json

Automatically Returning The Right Language

HTTP headers often contain accept header properties that can be useful hints for link resolver behaviour. For example browsers will normally include a language accept header that matches the users configured preference. This can be used to return only those links that match the users language even if the IDR query string does not specify a preference. For example, consider an IDR that

• defines a default link type as untp:dpp
• maintains DPP links in a dozen languages

and receives the following HTTP query URL

GET /products/123456789 HTTP/1.1
Host: resolver.sample-company.example
Accept-Language: de

Even though there are a dozen DPP links maintained by the IDR service, only one of them is in German and so the IDr can again redirect the client to the specific target URL of the German language DPP.

https://sample-credential-store.example/credentials/dpp-90664869311.json

Secondary Resolvers

There are some cases where an identifier scheme owner manages identifiers at a coarse granularity by issuing globally unique prefixes but allows the subject to manage more fine grained identifiers themselves. For example

• GS1 maintains GTIN product identifiers in a single global register but management of SGTIN (serialised items) is left to the owner of the GTIN.
• IATA issues 3 character carrier identifiers but allows each carrier to add the 7 digit suffix for each cargo consignment to make a globally unique 11 digit consignment number.
• Australian government manages 8 alpha-numeric character farm identifications codes such as QDBH0132 and allows each farmer to add a unique suffix to identify each unique livestock animal born on the farm.
• and many more examples exist.

The result is that a client may construct an IDR query to the genuine scheme operator's IDR service but that service may not hold information at the requested granularity. In such cases, a conformant IDR SHOULD return links relevant to the more coarse grained item and, if available, a link to a secondary resolver service (eg hosted by the serialised product manufacturer) that can return more fine grained information. For example the following query to a link resolver about a serialised item

https://resolver.sample-register.example/products/ABCD9876/items/1234

May return a link to a secondary resolver that maintains data at serialised item level as well as a link to a DPP at product class level.

{
    "linkset": [
        {
            "anchor": "https://resolver.sample-register.example/products/ABCD9876/items/1234",
            "linkset": [
                {
                    "href": "https://resolver.sample-company.example/products/ABCD9876/items/1234",
                    "rel": ["untp:idr", "gs1:handledBy"],
                    "title": "Secondary Identity Resolver",
                    "hreflang":["en"],
                    "type": "application/linkset+json"
                 }
            ]
        },
        {
            "anchor": "https://resolver.sample-register.example/products/ABCD9876",
            "untp:dpp": [
                {
                    "href": "https://sample-credential-store.example/credentials/dpp/90664869327.json",
                    "title": "Digital Product Passport",
                    "hreflang":["en"],
                    "type": "application/vc+jwt"
                 }
            ]
        },
    ]
} 

Versioned Targets

In some cases, a publisher may wish to maintain multiple versions of a credential as available links in a linkset. The recommended method is to add the relevant IANA version link relation to the rel value array as shown in the example below. In this case there are two links for the same anchor, both include untp:dpp as a link relation value but one also has the IANA link relation predecessor-version

{
    "linkset": [
        {
            "anchor": "https://resolver.sample-register.example/products/ABCD9876",
            "untp:dpp": [
                {
                    "href": "https://sample-credential-store.example/credentials/dpp/90664869327.json",
                    "title": "Digital Product Passport",
                    "hreflang":["en"],
                    "type": "application/vc+jwt"
                 },
                {
                    "href": "https://sample-credential-store.example/credentials/dpp/90664869111.json",
                    "rel":["predecessor-version"],
                    "title": "Digital Product Passport",
                    "hreflang":["en"],
                    "type": "application/vc+jwt"
                 }
            ]
        }
    ]
} 

Creating New Links

In some cases, an identity resolver service may wish to accept updates such as creation of new links from appropriately authorised users. For example, adding a maintenance event to a battery passport record after the battery has been sold into the market. An identity resolver SHOULD accommodate this possibility by including a link in the linkset for the given product that specifies how to POST an event to the resolver. In the example below, an anchor representing product https://resolver.sample-register.example/products/ABCD9876 has two links. The first is a simple link to a DPP describing the product. The second describes a method to create a new maintenance event.

• The standard IANA link relation edit indicates that the target resource is used to edit the link's context.
• The custom link relation untp:dte indicates that the target expects a digital traceability event.
• The custom property method indicates that the HTTP header requires a POST method and a secret key in the X-API-Key HTTP header property.

{
    "linkset": [
        {
            "anchor": "https://resolver.sample-register.example/products/ABCD9876",
            "untp:dpp": [
                {
                    "href": "https://sample-credential-store.example/credentials/dpp/90664869327.json",
                    "title": "Digital Product Passport",
                    "hreflang":["en"],
                    "type": "application/vc+jwt"
                 }],
            "anchor": "https://resolver.sample-register.example/products/ABCD9876",
            "untp:dte": [
                {
                    "href": "https://sample-credential-store.com/credentials/dte",
                    "rel":["edit"],
                    "title": "Create Maintenance Event",
                    "method":["POST","X-API-Key"],
                    "type": "application/vc+jwt"
                 }
            ]
        }
    ]
} 

Secure Targets

In some cases the target of a link contains sensitive data that is not generally accessible to the public. In such cases, as described by the decentralised access control specification, the target of the link is encrypted and requires a decryption key or proof of authorised role to decrypt. The corresponding link in the resolver linkset SHOULD specify the encryption method and allowed list of access roles.

{
    "linkset": [
        {
            "anchor": "https://resolver.sample-register.example/products/ABCD9876",
            "untp:dte": [
                {
                    "href": "https://sample-credential-store.example/credentials/dpp/90664869327.json",
                    "title": "Product Traceability",
                    "encryptionMethod": "AES-128",
                    "accessRole":["untp:accessRole#Owner"],
                    "hreflang":["en"],
                    "type": "application/vc+jwt"
                 }
            ]
        }
    ]
} 

Resolver Service Workflow

The internal workflow of an identity resolver service is not defined by this specification. However, there are some common conditions that a link resolver service SHOULD manage consistently. For example

• When a query URL is not valid
• When there is no data for the requested entity ID.
• When there is no data for an item level ID but there are available links for product class level ID
• When a requested link type does not exist.

These cases are shown in the example resolver workflow diagram below.

Verifiability

Once identifiers have been resolved to a linkset and links have been followed to retrieve UNTP (or other) credentials, then the final step is verification. There are several types of verification.

Verifying Individual Credentials

Each link target that has a type property that indicates it is a verifiable credentials ( application/ld+json , application/vc+jwt) SHOULD be verified according to W3C Verifiable Credential validation rules. This verifies

• Integrity (the credential has not been tampered-with)
• Currency (the credential has not been revoked)

The UNTP Verifiable Credential Profile provides further guidance.

Verifying Identity Integrity

A credential such as a digital product passport can be valid in it's own right but may not be valid in context. For example

• The named issuer of the DPP may not be the party they claim to be.
• The DPP might be issued by a party that is not the legitimate owner of the product identifier.

These kind of validation rules are define in the UNTP Digital Identity Anchor - Use Cases page.

Anti-Counterfeiting

In the particular case of data carriers on physical goods, there is also a counterfeiting risk.

• The product may have copied a valid data carrier from a real product to a counterfeit one.
• The data carrier might resolve to verifiable claims that are about a different product.

Countermeasures to these kind of counterfeiting behaviour are described in the UNTP Anti-Counterfeiting best practices page.

Chain of Custody Accounting

A particularly important and challenging verification in supply chains is chain of custody / mass-balance accounting.

• A high carbon batch of input materials might be mixed with a low carbon batch of the same commodity and the output may be fraudulently associated with only the low carbon input.
• A verifiable assessment of total emissions of a facility may not be accurately allocated across the individual product shipments from the facility.

Countermeasures to this kind of mass balance fraud are described in the UNTP chain of custody best practices page.

Verifying Regulatory or Industry Standards Compliance

Verification such as due-diligence across entire supply chains of fair work practices or chain of custody accounting accuracy of mass-balance processes are achieved by verifying entire graphs of data rather then individual credentials. Furthermore, these kind of verification rules tend to be industry and/or geography specific and are defined in UNTP extension projects rather than UNTP core specification.

Some best practice guidance is available in the UNTP Transparency Graphs page.